Authored by the expert who managed and guided the team behind the United Arab Emirates Property Pack
Yes, the analysis of Dubai's property market is included in our pack
Are you curious about the future of the Dubai property market? Wondering which trends will shape your investment decisions in 2025? Looking for data-driven insights to guide your next property purchase?
We will lay down recent insights, ici no guesswork, we rely only on solid data.
Actually, we know this market inside and out. We keep tabs on it regularly, and all our discoveries are reflected in the most recent version of the United Arab Emirates Property Pack
1) Dubai residential property prices will rise moderately as the market stabilizes post-pandemic
The Dubai residential property market is bouncing back, showing remarkable resilience and growth since the pandemic.
In 2024, the market saw over 75,543 residential transactions valued at AED 191 billion in just the first half of the year. This surge in transactions highlights a significant uptick compared to previous years, indicating a bustling market. The increase in activity is largely driven by rising foreign investment, especially in luxury properties, where sales have tripled over the past 18 months.
International investors are flocking to Dubai, drawn by the promise of stable and high-yielding assets. The luxury segment is particularly hot, with many listings selling at premium prices. This trend underscores the strong demand from abroad, as investors seek to capitalize on Dubai's dynamic real estate landscape.
Government initiatives are also fueling this growth. Dubai’s Real Estate Strategy 2033 is designed to boost real estate transactions and increase home ownership rates. The introduction of long-term residency visas has made Dubai even more appealing to expatriates, further driving demand for homes.
Adding to the mix is the limited new supply of residential units, which is putting upward pressure on prices. With fewer properties available and historical construction delays, this supply shortage is expected to persist. Real estate agencies like Knight Frank and DXB Interact predict an 8% increase in property prices by 2025, driven by this crunch.
Sources: Knight Frank’s Report, Dubai Real Estate Market Overview, Dubai Real Estate Prices to Climb 8% by 2025, Dubai Property Prices are Projected to Rise by 8% in 2025
2) Tax incentives will drive foreign investors to Dubai's real estate market
Tax incentives are a game-changer for foreign investors eyeing Dubai's real estate market.
In recent years, especially in 2023 and 2024, Dubai has seen a boom in foreign direct investment. Foreign nationals now hold around 43% of the total value of all residential properties in the city. This shows just how appealing Dubai's real estate has become to international buyers.
Long-term visas and favorable tax policies have made the market even more enticing. In the first half of 2024, there were over 75,543 residential transactions valued at AED 191 billion, marking a 36% increase from the previous year. This spike in transactions came right after tax incentives were announced, proving their positive impact.
The luxury real estate segment is also thriving, with a 47% increase in sales transactions over AED 10 million in the first half of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. High-net-worth individuals are particularly drawn to these favorable tax policies.
Real estate agencies have noticed a significant uptick in demand from overseas clients. They attribute this surge to the absence of taxes on property purchases, which makes Dubai an attractive option for international buyers.
Sources: Tax Observatory, The Luxury Playbook, The First Group
Everything you need to know is included in our Property Investment Pack for Dubai
3) Prime locations face declining rental yields as property prices rise faster than rents
In Dubai's prime locations, property prices have surged significantly in recent years.
In 2023, there was a 17.4% jump in capital values, and even though the pace slowed to 5.6% later, the trend of rising property prices is expected to continue. This means that while property values are climbing, rent growth isn't keeping up.
Experts predict that in 2025, rental growth will moderate, with an expected increase of around 5-10% across the city. This slower rental growth compared to property prices suggests that rental yields might decline as property prices continue to rise.
Real estate agencies like Savills and JLL have noted that while Dubai's rental market remains strong, the growth rate is expected to slow. For example, Savills anticipates a 10 to 12% overall increase in rentals in 2025, which is slower than the growth in property prices.
Investor surveys and expert analyses also indicate expectations of lower rental yields. Experts like Morgan Owen from ANAROCK Group have pointed out that while rental values are expected to increase, the growth rate might not keep pace with the rising property prices.
Sources: Savills, Khaleej Times, Fluence Properties
4) Affordable rentals will grow slowly as supply matches demand
Dubai is buzzing with new affordable rental units as the city gears up for a housing boom.
In 2023 and 2024, the city has been busy building homes, with plans to add about 76,000 new residential units by 2025. This surge is all about meeting the rising demand for rentals, especially those that won't break the bank.
Real estate agencies are seeing a wave of budget-friendly housing projects. This aligns with the Dubai government's push to make housing more accessible for low to mid-income earners, ensuring more people can find a place within their budget.
Looking ahead, experts predict a big jump in the housing supply, with around 41,000 new units in 2025 and another 42,000 in 2026. This is a leap from the 27,000 units expected in 2024, which could help stabilize or even slightly lower prices in some areas.
With this influx, the market is likely to find a balance between supply and demand, making it a good time for potential buyers to explore options. The focus on affordable housing means more choices for those looking to rent without stretching their finances too thin.
As the city continues to grow, these developments are set to shape the real estate landscape, offering more opportunities for residents and investors alike. Affordable rental segments will experience slower growth as supply meets demand.
Sources: Gold Coast UAE, The Luxury Playbook, Travels Dubai
5) Rents in central Dubai will rise due to growing demand for urban living
Rental prices in Dubai's central areas have been climbing, with an average increase of 13.5% in the first half of 2024.
Experts predict that in 2025, rental rates will rise by 5-10% on average, with prime areas potentially seeing hikes of 10-15%. This is largely due to the steady influx of new residents drawn to the city's vibrant lifestyle and job opportunities.
Dubai's population surpassed 3 million in 2024, marking a 1.43% increase from the previous year. This growth is driven by professionals seeking the city's dynamic environment and robust job market.
In Q3 2024, there were over 48,000 property sales, highlighting the strong demand for central locations. Many residents prefer these areas for their proximity to work and amenities, reflecting a broader trend towards urban living.
The Dubai Government's infrastructure investments, like the extension of the Dubai Metro Red Line, make central areas even more appealing. New public-private partnerships are also set to boost investment in essential infrastructure projects.
Limited new housing in central areas, especially elite locations, is pushing rental prices up. Increased corporate relocations to central business districts are further driving demand for housing, leading to higher rental prices.
Sources: Kalinka Realty, Macrotrends, The First Group, Haus & Haus, Moneycontrol
Make a profitable investment in the UAE
Better information leads to better decisions. Save time and money. Download our guide.
6) Dubai Marina prices will slow as investors seek better value in emerging areas
Dubai Marina's property market is showing signs of slowing down as investors shift their focus to emerging areas.
One key reason for this shift is the rising inventory levels in Dubai Marina, hinting at a potential oversupply. If all the construction projects wrap up on schedule, the market might face an oversupply, which could stabilize or even lower property prices.
Investors are also looking at the numbers. In 2024, studio apartments in Dubai Marina were priced much higher than those in up-and-coming areas like Dubai Sports City. This price gap makes these emerging areas more appealing for those seeking better value and higher returns.
There's a buzz around areas like Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC) and Dubai South, where investors are finding better rental yields and appreciation rates. For example, JVC offers a local ROI of over 6%, which is quite competitive compared to central Dubai.
Transaction data backs this up, with JVC seeing more real estate transactions than Dubai Marina by mid-2023. Real estate agents are also noticing this trend, reporting a growing interest in these newer areas.
Sources: AGBI, Grey Wolf Property, The Luxury Playbook
7) New regulations will boost sustainable building practices and raise property development costs
New regulations are reshaping property development costs by promoting sustainable building practices.
In 2023 and 2024, Dubai's government took bold steps with initiatives like the Dubai Urban Master Plan. This plan aims to make Dubai one of the world's most sustainable cities by 2040. Developers are now offered tax breaks and reduced fees if they prioritize sustainability, making green building practices financially attractive.
The demand for sustainable building materials is booming, with a 25% growth expected by 2025. This surge is fueled by local policies and international market demands, pushing for eco-friendly construction. The Al Sa’fat – Dubai Green Building System has set mandatory sustainability standards for new buildings, nudging developers further towards green practices.
The UAE's National Green Certificates Program is another game-changer, setting specific standards for energy efficiency, water management, and sustainable materials. This program not only aims to cut down on energy and water use but also supports the UAE's net-zero targets for 2050. Properties meeting these standards often enjoy lower operational costs and attract more interest from residents and investors.
These changes are not just about saving the planet; they make financial sense too. Sustainable properties are becoming more appealing, offering long-term savings and increased market value. As the world shifts towards eco-friendly living, Dubai is positioning itself as a leader in sustainable real estate.
Sources: HSBC, MoEI, Unique Properties
8) Community living demand will boost property sales in master-planned developments
People are increasingly choosing community living over traditional housing options.
In Dubai, this shift is clear as master-planned developments like Jumeirah Village Circle and Jebel Al First have become hot spots. Back in 2023, these areas saw a boom in sales and rising property values, reflecting a strong demand for community-centric living.
By 2024, residential values in Dubai climbed by 9% in just 12 months, according to Knight Frank. This surge was fueled by the appeal of master-planned communities, which blend residential and commercial spaces seamlessly. Developments like The Sustainable City are particularly popular for their eco-friendly focus, drawing in those who value integrated community living.
Surveys from 2024 show that high-net-worth individuals and expats are especially drawn to properties offering a live-work-play lifestyle. This is a hallmark of master-planned developments, which provide a range of amenities and services tailored to modern living needs.
Looking to 2025, Dubai's real estate market is set to keep growing, with around 76,000 new units expected to be completed. This wave of new developments highlights the ongoing demand for community living, as more people seek the comprehensive experience these communities offer.
Sources: Dubai Real Estate Fuelled by Record Property Boom, Dubai's Efforts in Urban Development for Lower Carbon Footprint, Destination Dubai - Knight Frank, What will the Dubai real estate market be like in 2025? Outlook
Everything you need to know is included in our Real Estate Pack for Dubai
9) Affordable housing prices will rise slowly as developers prioritize luxury projects
In Dubai, the real estate market is shifting towards luxury projects in 2023 and 2024.
Developers are chasing the high-end market because luxury property sales jumped by 8.2% in the third quarter of 2024. With 92 deals raking in $1.4 billion, it's clear that there's a strong appetite for upscale homes.
Big names like Danube and Binghatti are diving into this trend, launching projects like the 101-storey Bayz101 tower. This move aligns with surveys showing that high-net-worth individuals are eyeing luxury spots, especially in areas like Palm Jumeirah.
Government initiatives, such as the "Golden Visa" program, are sweetening the deal for foreign investors, making luxury real estate even more appealing. This has led to a slowdown in affordable housing construction, with fewer transactions in this segment over the years.
Sources: AGBI, CBNME, Unique Properties
10) Coastal properties will experience a surge in demand due to the preference for waterfront living
There's a growing trend towards waterfront living, especially in places like Dubai.
In Dubai Marina, property prices have jumped by 19% year-on-year, highlighting the strong demand for waterfront homes. It's not just about buying; the rental market is hot too. Properties in areas like Dubai Marina and Palm Jumeirah offer rental returns between 6% and 8%, making them a magnet for investors seeking reliable income.
The allure of waterfront living goes beyond just the view. People are drawn to the unique blend of tranquility and vibrancy it offers. It's about the whole experience, from exclusive amenities to a serene atmosphere. Social media and media coverage have only amplified these perks, making waterfront living even more enticing.
The government is also boosting this trend by promoting coastal tourism and development. With initiatives like relaxed visa regulations and infrastructure investments, Dubai has become an even more attractive spot for property investments. This, along with the rise of luxury developments along the coast, has further fueled the demand for coastal properties.
In Dubai, the combination of lifestyle appeal and strategic government initiatives is creating a perfect storm for the increased demand for coastal properties. The city's focus on enhancing its waterfront areas is drawing both investors and lifestyle seekers alike.
As more people seek the unique lifestyle that waterfront living offers, the demand for these properties is expected to continue rising. The blend of high rental returns and lifestyle benefits makes them a compelling choice for many.
Sources: Grovy, Unique Properties
11) European investors will flock to Dubai's luxury market driven by favorable currency exchange rates
European investors are increasingly eyeing Dubai's luxury market due to favorable currency exchange rates.
In 2023, the Euro gained strength against the UAE Dirham, rising by 3.64%, which means Europeans could get more Dirhams for their Euros. This financial advantage makes Dubai's luxury properties more enticing. Picture this: in January 2023, the exchange rate was about 3.92 AED per Euro, making high-end real estate in Dubai a hot ticket for European buyers.
Real estate agencies like Bayut have noticed this trend, reporting a 62% increase in luxury property transactions in 2024, with Europeans leading the charge. This isn't just a fluke; it's a pattern. When the Euro strengthens, European interest in Dubai spikes.
Looking ahead, economic forecasts suggest the Euro will keep its upward momentum against the Dirham. This ongoing strength means European investors will likely continue to find Dubai's luxury market appealing. Dubai's stable economy and favorable tax environment add to its allure, making it a prime spot for savvy investors.
Financial analysts point out that European investors are drawn to markets that offer stability and profitability. Dubai fits the bill perfectly, with its robust economy and attractive investment conditions. This combination makes it an ideal destination for those looking to invest in luxury real estate.
Sources: Unique Properties, Exchange Rates, Gulf Business
Get fresh and reliable information about the market in the United Arab Emirates
Don't base significant investment decisions on outdated data. Get updated and accurate information with our guide.
12) Luxury property prices will rise due to limited supply and high demand from wealthy buyers
In 2023 and 2024, luxury property sales in Dubai have surged.
In the third quarter of 2024, there was an 8.2% increase in luxury home sales, with 92 deals averaging $15.3 million each. This shows a strong appetite among wealthy buyers for high-end real estate. The main driver behind this trend is the limited availability of prime locations. Properties for sale have dropped by 30% year-on-year, and listings in key areas have declined by 52%. This scarcity, combined with high demand, naturally pushes prices up.
Another factor is the global rise in high-net-worth individuals. These individuals are snapping up luxury homes at record rates, with nearly one in five listings sold between June and September 2024. This influx of wealthy buyers makes the competition for limited properties even fiercer.
Dubai's appeal as a safe haven for foreign investors is also a big draw. Its tax-friendly environment and world-class infrastructure attract international interest. The introduction of long-term visas has made Dubai more attractive for long-term investments, adding to the demand for luxury properties.
Sources: Serrari Group, CBNME, The Luxury Playbook
13) Palm Jumeirah will keep drawing wealthy buyers and pushing luxury property prices higher
The Palm Jumeirah is a hotspot for high-net-worth individuals, pushing luxury property prices up.
In 2024, Palm Jumeirah was at the forefront of Dubai’s luxury market with 19 deals totaling over US$ 344 million. This shows a strong demand for high-end properties in the area. The island's unique design and exclusive lifestyle make it a prime choice for affluent buyers.
Looking ahead, the average villa price on Palm Jumeirah is expected to rise from AED 20 million in 2022 to AED 25 million by 2025. This steady growth of 7.7% is driven by the allure of luxury waterfront living, attracting both local and international buyers who seek the prestige and comfort the island offers.
One of the key factors contributing to this price surge is the limited availability of prime plots on Palm Jumeirah. With demand outpacing supply, property values are naturally climbing, making it a lucrative investment for those with deep pockets.
Insider knowledge suggests that the island's appeal is not just about the properties themselves but also the lifestyle it offers. From world-class dining to exclusive beach clubs, Palm Jumeirah provides a unique living experience that continues to draw in wealthy individuals.
As the supply remains tight and demand grows, luxury property prices are set to rise, reinforcing Palm Jumeirah's status as a top destination for high-net-worth individuals. The island's ongoing development and enhancements only add to its desirability, ensuring its place as a leader in the luxury real estate market.
Sources: MREI, Unique Properties, CBNME
14) Demand for properties with fitness and recreational facilities will surge due to the wellness and health trend
The trend towards wellness and health is booming, sparking a surge in interest for properties with fitness and recreational facilities.
In 2023, the global wellness economy hit a whopping $6.3 trillion, with wellness real estate leading the charge. This boom is largely due to a growing awareness of health and fitness, especially post-pandemic, as people became more mindful of their well-being. In Dubai, this shift is particularly noticeable. By 2024, 60% of homebuyers were seeking properties with wellness features, reflecting a strong preference for homes with gyms, spas, and wellness centers.
Developments like ONDA by KASCO in Business Bay are prime examples, offering state-of-the-art wellness facilities that attract health-conscious buyers. The media and social media have also played a big role in this trend, promoting active and healthy lifestyles. Articles and posts about fitness-friendly residential areas and the perks of living in wellness-focused communities have only increased interest in these properties.
Real estate developers are catching on, partnering with wellness brands to boost the appeal of their communities. This collaboration enhances the lifestyle offered, making these properties even more attractive to potential buyers. The trend is clear: people are prioritizing their health and well-being when choosing a home.
In Dubai, the demand for wellness-oriented properties is reshaping the real estate market. Buyers are increasingly looking for homes that offer more than just a place to live; they want a lifestyle that supports their health goals. This shift is driving developers to incorporate more wellness features into their projects, ensuring they meet the needs of today's health-conscious buyers.
As the wellness trend continues to grow, properties with fitness and recreational facilities are becoming more desirable. This is not just a passing fad; it's a fundamental change in how people view their living spaces. The focus on health and wellness is here to stay, and it's transforming the real estate landscape.
Sources: Unique Properties, Mid-East Info, Global Wellness Institute, PSI Blog
Everything you need to know is included in our Property Pack for Dubai
15) Villas with private outdoor spaces are becoming more popular as people prioritize personal space and privacy
In Dubai, villas with private outdoor spaces are becoming increasingly popular as people seek more personal space and privacy.
In early 2024, 40% of home seekers were eyeing large villas, especially those with three or more bedrooms. This trend is particularly strong among younger buyers, with 39% of them under 40, up from 31% the previous year. This shift indicates a growing preference for spacious living environments among the younger generation.
Sales of properties with private gardens or outdoor spaces have also seen a boost. In the third quarter of 2024, 8,156 villas were sold, a 16.6% increase from the same period in 2023. This surge underscores the appeal of homes that offer private outdoor areas, which are increasingly viewed as essential for comfort and luxury.
Consumer surveys reveal a strong preference for amenities that enhance personal space and privacy. On Property Finder, over 129,000 searches for maid rooms were recorded in 2024, alongside high interest in study areas and private pools. This shows that people are prioritizing homes that offer more personal space and privacy.
Villas with private outdoor spaces are not just a trend but a reflection of changing lifestyle preferences. As people spend more time at home, the demand for personal space and privacy has become paramount. This is evident in the increasing number of searches for homes with features that support a more private and comfortable lifestyle.
In Dubai's real estate market, villas with private outdoor spaces are gaining traction as they cater to the growing desire for personal space and privacy. This trend is expected to continue as more people prioritize these features in their home-buying decisions.
Sources: Dubai Chronicle, Kanebridge News ME
16) Remote work surge boosts demand for homes with office spaces
In 2023 and 2024, remote work has become a game-changer in the real estate market.
People are now looking for homes that can double as offices, and this is evident from the booming sales of home office furniture. Companies like Danube Home and SAGTCO Office Furniture in Dubai are seeing more customers setting up dedicated workspaces at home.
In the UAE, a whopping 90% of employees prefer remote or hybrid work, and many say they get more done this way. Naturally, this means more people want homes that support a productive work environment.
Real estate reports show that homebuyers are keen on properties with flexible layouts that can accommodate remote work. In Dubai and across the UAE, adaptable spaces are becoming a hot commodity.
Architects are catching on, too. New buildings are increasingly designed with home offices as a standard feature to meet this rising demand.
So, if you're thinking about buying a property, consider how the rise of remote work is shaping housing trends. It's not just about having a roof over your head anymore; it's about having a space where you can work efficiently.
Sources: Danube Home, Matsh.co, The McLemore Group
17) Expatriate growth will boost rental property demand in all segments
Dubai's expatriate population is booming, with the UAE's total reaching 11.06 million in 2024.
Many of these expatriates choose Dubai, pushing the city's population from 3.74 million in July 2024 to 3.81 million by December 2024. The UAE's strategy to attract foreign talent is working wonders, thanks to government initiatives that simplify business setup and foster a business-friendly atmosphere.
Unemployment is dropping, going from 4.3% in 2022 to 3.3% in 2023, as more work visas are granted to expatriates. Dubai's job market is on the rise, with a projected GDP growth of over 3% in 2024, drawing skilled workers in tech and real estate.
Expatriates often prefer renting over buying, which keeps the rental market thriving. Dubai's appealing lifestyle and new residential projects make it a top choice for long-term renters. The city's economic growth and demand for skilled workers are key factors in this trend.
With more expatriates arriving, the demand for rental properties is set to increase across various segments. This trend is fueled by Dubai's vibrant lifestyle and the continuous development of new residential areas.
Sources: Global Media Insight, Expat Network, Gold Coast UAE
Don't buy the wrong property, in the wrong area
Buying real estate is a significant investment. Don't rely solely on your intuition. Gather the right information to make the best decision.
18) Eco-friendly properties will become highly desirable as environmental awareness increases
In Dubai, there's a noticeable shift towards eco-friendly properties in the real estate market.
This trend is fueled by a growing awareness of environmental issues and the perks of sustainable living. Back in 2023, the demand for green buildings was expected to rise by 25% by 2025, showing how much more desirable these properties are becoming. People are increasingly looking for homes that align with their values, and eco-friendly features are a big part of that.
One major factor is the demand for green certifications like LEED. In Dubai, LEED-certified properties command a premium of about 34%, which shows their high desirability. By 2025, the number of these certified buildings is expected to exceed 500, indicating a strong push towards sustainability in the market.
Surveys back this up, with 93% of investors seeing sustainable projects as solid performers. Plus, 75% believe that green developments will be the norm by 2030. The government is also on board, offering incentives like tax breaks and reduced fees for eco-friendly construction, making it even more appealing for developers to go green.
Developers are catching on, with over 40% of new properties in Dubai now incorporating smart technologies. This is expected to jump to 60% by 2025. These smart features help optimize energy use, manage lighting, air conditioning, and waste, making these homes a hit with buyers who care about the environment.
As environmental awareness grows, properties with eco-friendly features are becoming more desirable. Smart technologies and green certifications are not just trends; they're becoming essential elements in the real estate market.
Sources: Unique Properties, The Luxury Playbook, Consultancy ME
19) Virtual reality tours will dominate property marketing and sales in Dubai.
In Dubai, virtual reality tours are revolutionizing the real estate market.
Back in 2023 and 2024, 43% of international investors started using VR tours for their first look at properties. This was especially true in Dubai, where big names like Emaar and DAMAC jumped on the VR bandwagon to flaunt their luxury homes.
The UAE government is all in on this digital shift, expecting a 25% annual growth in virtual property viewings through 2025. They've backed this with initiatives like the Dubai Land Department's VR Real Estate Platform, which has already helped sell over $1 billion in properties.
Buyers are loving it too. Surveys show they prefer VR tours over traditional visits, finding them more engaging and informative. This has led to quicker sales and higher engagement for real estate agencies.
Thanks to tech advancements, VR is now more accessible and affordable. High-quality headsets are cheaper, letting more people explore properties from afar. This saves time and money by cutting down on the need for physical showings.
The COVID-19 pandemic gave this trend a big push, making virtual solutions a must when in-person visits were tough. Virtual reality tours are becoming the norm, changing how properties are marketed and sold.
Sources: Unique Properties, 11Prop, Range
20) Jumeirah Village Circle will attract more interest for its affordable prices and family-friendly amenities
Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC) is catching eyes for its affordable pricing and family-friendly amenities.
In 2023, JVC led property sales in Dubai, showing a significant increase in transactions and strong demand. This momentum carried into 2024, with new projects popping up to meet the growing interest, making JVC one of the fastest-growing neighborhoods in Dubai.
Back in 2023, the average price for an apartment in JVC was about AED 850 per square foot, which was much lower than other popular areas in Dubai. While villas and townhouses were priced higher, they still offered competitive deals. As more people saw JVC's potential, demand slightly outpaced supply, nudging property prices up—a trend that's likely to continue.
JVC is built with families in mind, offering parks, landscaped areas, and a variety of retail outlets, supermarkets, and dining options. By 2024, the community's infrastructure had improved, providing easy access to healthcare facilities and schools, making it a convenient spot for families.
The area has attracted a diverse group of residents, from families to young professionals, thanks to its mix of affordable housing and modern amenities. This blend makes JVC a vibrant and appealing place to live.
Sources: Emerging Trends in JVC Real Estate, Why Jumeirah Village Circle is Perfect for Families and Investors, The Growing Popularity Of Jumeirah Village Circle In Dubai
This article gives you valuable insights, but remember, it’s not and will never be investment advice. We pull data from a range of sources to provide you with the most accurate picture possible, yet we can’t guarantee complete accuracy. Markets are difficult to predict. Make sure to do your own research and consult a professional before making any financial moves. Any risks or losses are your own responsibility.